Scoring System Based on Electrocardiogram Features to Predict the Type of Heart Failure in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

110 adults with chronic heart failure (50 with HFpEF, 60 with HFrEF defined as LVEF ≤40%), mean age 58.6, 70% male, from a single center in Indonesia. Key inclusion: HF diagnosed based on ESC (2012) or AHA (2013) guidelines, sinus rhythm, age >18 years. Key exclusion: congenital heart disease, primary valve disease, massive pericardial effusion, acute coronary syndrome, severe pulmonary disease, or pacemakers.

An electrocardiogram (ECG)-based scoring system utilizing 5 variables: left atrial hypertrophy (LAH), QRS duration > 100 ms, right bundle branch block (RBBB), ST-T segment changes, and prolongation of the QT interval.

Prediction of the type of heart failure (HFrEF vs HFpEF) based on ECG findings compared to the gold standard of echocardiography.