Comparing the Grain Yields of Direct-Seeded and Transplanted Rice: A Meta-Analysis

Conventional transplanted rice (TPR) has been increasingly replaced by direct-seeded rice (DSR) because of its low water and labour requirements. Whether and how DSR can be as productive as TPR has received widespread attention. Here, a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to quantify the effects of direct seeding on rice yield and identify the management and environmental factors that contribute to the yield gap between DSR and TPR. The results showed that, overall, the yield of DSR was 12% lower than that of TPR. However, the yield loss of DSR relative to TPR was highly variable depending on management practices, soil type, and climate conditions, ranging from −2% to −42%. Weed and water management and climatic stress had the largest impact on yield performance, resulting in over 15% yield variation. With respect to soil properties, the yield gap can be significantly reduced by planting in areas with high organic carbon content, such as clayed and acidic soils. Furthermore, the DSR yield penalty was only 4% in a high-yielding condition compared to 14% in a low-yielding condition. All these factors indicate that optimizing management practices is necessary to improve DSR yield performance and narrow the yield gap between DSR and TPR. In conclusion, DSR could produce comparable yields to TPR but is more prone to yield losses due to inappropriate management practices, unsuitable soil properties, and climatic stresses.