Population
13 isolated canine right atria perfused with blood conducted from a support dog
Design
Preclinical
Authors
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Animal data on verapamil sinus node effects should not alter practice; extends basic mechanisms but requires human validation.
Verapamil exerts direct, dose-dependent negative chronotropic and inotropic effects on the canine sinus node without blocking the stimulatory effects of norepinephrine or calcium.
Shigetoshi Chiba (1975) studied this question.
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