Computational study demonstrates direct visualization of wave added resistance across ship hull surfaces using surface integrals, highlighting improved hull design capabilities.
To visualize the distribution of added resistance in waves over a ship hull, a ship hull integration method is proposed within the framework of linear potential flow theory. The proposed method is based on the near-field method, in which the line integral term is transformed into a surface integral by applying Stokes’ theorem. As a result, all components of the added resistance are expressed exclusively in terms of surface integrals, and it enables direct visualization of their distribution on the hull surface. Since the proposed method requires third-order derivatives of the velocity potential, an approximate calculation method is also proposed based on a shape function. The accuracy and validity of the proposed methods are evaluated through comparisons with the conventional near-field method and available experimental data.
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Yamazaki et al. (2026) studied this question.
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