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August 16, 2026MaterialsOpen Access

Metal-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial and Osteogenic Biomaterials for Hard-Tissue Applications

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Authors

AAAmmar Z. AlshemaryZSZhishang SunKSKairui Shi

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Overview

Review demonstrates multifunctional antimicrobial and osteogenic properties of metal-doped hydroxyapatite, highlighting its potential for orthopedic and dental implants.

Key Points

  • To review the crystal chemistry, antimicrobial mechanisms, and osteogenic performance of metal-substituted hydroxyapatite biomaterials for hard-tissue engineering.
  • Critical review of crystal-chemical mechanisms, lattice occupancy, and dopant concentration effects for metals including Ag, Cu, Zn, Ti, Co, Ga, Sr, and Ce in hydroxyapatite.
  • Evaluation of biological interactions encompassing bacterial membrane disruption, ROS generation, biofilm inhibition, protein adsorption, angiogenesis, and osteogenic signaling pathways.
  • Ag-, Cu-, Zn-, and Ga-substituted hydroxyapatite demonstrate consistent antibacterial efficacy via membrane damage, intracellular metabolic disruption, ROS generation, and inhibition of bacterial adhesion.
  • Co- and Sr-substitutions provide distinct angiogenic, osteogenic, and anti-resorptive properties, whereas Ti- and Ce-modified systems exhibit photoactive and redox-dependent biological behavior.
  • Biological efficacy and cytocompatibility depend strictly on phase purity, dopant concentrations, and controlled ion-release kinetics to prevent host-cell toxicity.

Cite This Study

Alshemary et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a817a33f2fb91fc834adefdhttps://doi.org/10.3390/ma19163461
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