Operation Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Social Security System Based on Complex System Theory

As a core institutional arrangement of national governance, the social security system demonstrates typical complex system characteristics, including multi-agent interaction, nonlinear feedback, hierarchical coupling, and dynamic emergence. Taking complex system theory as the analytical framework, this study analyzes the operation mechanism of the social security system from the perspectives of element composition, subsystem coupling, institutional feedback, and resource-flow synergy. System dynamics, nonlinear stability analysis, and scenario stress testing are introduced to examine system responses under population aging, fiscal pressure, institutional adjustment, and external shocks. The results indicate that system stability depends on the dynamic balance between structural rigidity and adaptive elasticity. Fiscal sustainability, demographic-structure change, and institutional synergy are identified as three core variables affecting stability. In the digital governance context, data circulation, early-warning platforms, and electromagnetic communication networks provide technical support for timely monitoring and coordinated regulation. The study proposes an optimization path based on complexity governance, adaptive policy parameters, buffer mechanisms, and cross-subsystem coordination, offering a systematic reference for enhancing social security resilience.