What question did this study set out to answer?

To construct a classical field theory model that generates hadron structure, masses, and strong interactions as topological defects within a single continuous medium.

August 16, 2026Open Access

The Strong Interaction and Hadron Structure in One Medium

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Authors

XLXue Li

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Implication

Theoretical modeling reveals hadron emergence from topological defects in a continuous complex field, suggesting mass generation and confinement without fractional charges.

Key Points

To construct a classical field theory model that generates hadron structure, masses, and strong interactions as topological defects within a single continuous medium.
Modeled a continuous medium via a single complex field with a short-range, gapped amplitude branch (strong force) and a long-range, gapless phase branch (electromagnetism).
Represented pions as basic gap excitations with integer phase winding numbers and protons as locked configurations of five topological defects (four +1 and one -1).
Calculated locked-state mass contributions and boundary interactions without adjustable parameters using numerical quadrature on field equations.
Predicted a proton mass of 1771 electron masses compared to the measured 1836 electron masses, representing a 3.5% deviation without free parameters.
Replicated the uud quark charge spectrum via topological vertex bookkeeping without requiring fundamental fractional charges.
Demonstrated that topological integer winding eliminates the requirement for explicit confinement mechanisms, as vertex separation forces medium pair creation.

Cite This Study

Xue Li (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a817aa1f2fb91fc834aea51 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21953600

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Implication

Theoretical modeling reveals hadron emergence from topological defects in a continuous complex field, suggesting mass generation and confinement without fractional charges.

The Strong Interaction and Hadron Structure in One Medium

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

The Strong Interaction and Hadron Structure in One Medium

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

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