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August 16, 2026Journal of Contemporary European Studies

Does transactionalism possess smartness? Reconstructing Türkiye’s approach towards the EU from 2017 to 2025

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Authors

ELEdoardo Lavezzo

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Overview

Process tracing analysis reveals Turkish transactionalism towards the European Union functions as a semi-smart strategy, highlighting structural inconsistencies in middle power foreign policy.

Key Points

  • To assess whether Türkiye's transactional foreign policy approach toward the European Union between 2017 and 2025 qualifies as an effective smart power strategy.
  • Applied a process tracing framework to evaluate Turkish Foreign Policy behaviors and strategic shifts across three distinct time junctures: 2017–2019, 2020–2022, and 2023–2025.
  • Examined structural preferences for short-term bilateral bargaining versus long-term multilateral agreements in relation to middle power diplomacy.
  • Assertive foreign policy from 2017 to 2019 negatively impacted Türkiye's international standing, prompting a period of strategic readjustment from 2020 to 2022 and a moderation of assertiveness from 2023 to 2025.
  • Türkiye's transactional foreign policy functions only as a semi-smart strategy due to systemic inconsistencies and over-reliance on short-term gains over durable alliances.

Cite This Study

Edoardo Lavezzo (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a819d36f2fb91fc834aecefhttps://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2026.2718738
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