Type 2 diabetes in heart failure with preserved and mildly reduced ejection fraction: insights from the REDUCE-LAP-HF II trial

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are the archetypal components of cardiometabolic syndromes associated with heart failure (HF) with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF/HFmrEF). The specific contribution of T2DM, independent of obesity, to myocardial adaptations and outcomes remains uncertain. We aimed to explore the obesity-independent contribution of T2DM to cardiac structure, function, central haemodynamics, and outcomes. METHODS: We leveraged the sham-control arm of the REDUCE LAP-HF II trial (n = 312), a prospectively phenotyped cohort of patients with HFpEF/HFmrEF undergoing invasive haemodynamic assessment. Multivariable models were used to adjust for body mass index (BMI) and clinical covariates. Outcomes included cardiovascular (CV) death and total HF events. RESULTS: T2DM was present in 37% of patients and was associated with higher BMI, chronic kidney disease, and prior HF hospitalization. Obesity was present in 62% of patients and was more prevalent in those with T2DM (70% vs 57%, P = .032). After adjustment for BMI, T2DM remained independently associated with greater left ventricular mass, lower EF, impaired left ventricular global longitudinal strain, reduced right ventricular free-wall strain, and higher resting filling pressures. Over a median of 4.0-year (2.5-5.0) follow-up, T2DM was independently associated with increased risk of HF events or CV death (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.28-3.00), driven by HF events, whereas BMI was not independently prognostic. CONCLUSIONS: HFpEF/HFmrEF patients with T2DM experience adverse myocardial remodelling, impaired biventricular function, adverse central haemodynamics, and worse clinical outcomes independent of obesity. These findings indicate that T2DM confers additional metabolic burden to the myocardium, beyond that attributable to obesity alone.