Elevated Depressive Symptoms, Antidepressant Use, and Diabetes in a Large Multiethnic National Sample of Postmenopausal Women

OBJECTIVE: To examine elevated depressive symptoms and antidepressant use in relation to diabetes incidence in the Women's Health Initiative. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 161,808 postmenopausal women were followed for over an average of 7.6 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) estimating the effects of elevated depressive symptoms and antidepressant use on newly diagnosed incident diabetes were obtained using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for known diabetes risk factors. RESULTS: Multivariable-adjusted HRs indicated an increased risk of incident diabetes with elevated baseline depressive symptoms (HR 1.13 [95% CI 1.07-1.20]) and antidepressant use (1.18 [1.10-1.28]). These associations persisted through year 3 data, in which respective adjusted HRs were 1.23 (1.09-1.39) and 1.31 (1.14-1.50). CONCLUSIONS: Postmenopausal women with elevated depressive symptoms who also use antidepressants have a greater risk of developing incident diabetes. In addition, longstanding elevated depressive symptoms and recent antidepressant medication use increase the risk of incident diabetes.