Super Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Over Asian–Pacific Region During the May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

This study reports the observations of super equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) over Asian-Pacific region during the intense May 2024 geomagnetic storm. Utilizing the combined measurements from dense ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations and in situ Swarm satellite mission, the generation and evolution process of the super EPBs are clearly captured. Compared to previous events, this case presents following new characteristics in terms of lifetime and morphology: (1) The EPBs lasted up to 18 hours from 8:00 UT on 11 May to 2:00 UT on 12 May. (2) The EPBs exhibited a large-scale inverted C-shape at the early stage and transformed into a large-scale forward C-shape latterly. The storm-time eastward prompt penetration electric filed (PPEF) is believed to play an import role on the formation and development of the super EPBs. These new results provide a more comprehensive evolution characteristic for EPBs, which can help to better know the storm-time ionospheric variations.