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During the geomagnetic storm on November 5–6, 2023, freshly generated super sunrise equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) and associated irregularities over the 80°–140°E sector were observed combining ground‐based and space observations from GNSS, ionosondes, HF Doppler records, and several satellite missions (COSMIC2, Swarm, and DMSP). The morphology and evolutionary characteristics of the super sunrise EPBs were revealed, showing their potential strong westward drift and related conjugate features. The in situ plasma depletion structures at mid‐latitudes could persist into the afternoon, lasting approximately 10 hr. Meanwhile, mid‐latitude stations recorded rare strong scintillation triggered by sunrise plasma bubbles. Intense range spread F and significant pre‐sunrise ionospheric uplift were observed by different ionosonde stations. The generation of super sunrise EPBs may have been driven by a combined effect of overshielding electric fields, disturbance dynamo electric field, and enhanced equatorward winds. Finally, a comparative analysis of the characteristics and dominant mechanisms of freshly generated sunrise EPB events was conducted. The formation of super sunrise EPBs is more closely dependent on storm‐time enhanced equatorward winds and the potential seeding role of large‐scale wavelike structure (LSWS), while also showing some connections to post‐sunset EPBs.
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Li et al. (2025) studied this question.
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