Surface photovoltage spectroscopy is based on the photostimulated depopulation and population of surface states brought about by sub-bandgap monochromatic illumination, while the over-all number of bulk free carriers remains essentially unchanged. Such transitions and their transients (as determined by changes is the contact potential difference) allow the direct determination of the energy positions and the dynamic parameters of the surface states. Surface photovoltage spectroscopy was successfully applied to the surfaces of CdS, ZnO, and GaAs. A model was developed which accounts for the processes involved in surface photovoltage spectroscopy.
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Gatos et al. (1973) studied this question.