The most significant challenge in distribution management associated with the so called “smart grid” is that the distribution system becomes an active system-with distributed generation, smart customer loads, electric vehicle charging, smart inverters, distributed storage, and so on. The challenge of an active distribution system affects both the planning functions and the real-time operations of the system. The transition to an active distribution system does not change the need to maintain and improve reliability.
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Dugan et al. (2011) studied this question.
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