Pinocembrin ameliorates atrial fibrillation susceptibility in rats with anxiety disorder induced by empty bottle stimulation

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Behavioral measurements. (A) Typical images of trajectory after empty bottle stimulation. (B) Frequency of central entries. (C) Cumulative time in center. (D) Number of rearing. n = 15 per group. (E–G) The concentration of creatinine (Cr), urea nitrogen (BUN) and Na+ in serum. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs CTL; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. AD.

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  FIGURE 2. Heart rate variability analysis. (A–C) Average RR, SDRR, RMSSD. (D–F) LF, HF and LF/HF. n = 7 per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. CTL; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs AD.

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  FIGURE 3. Action potential duration. (A) Typical recordings of APD at PCL of 200 ms. (B,C) The spatial dispersions of APD50 and APD90 at PCL of 250 ms, 200 ms, 150 ms, 100 ms. n = 7 per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. CTL; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. AD.

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  FIGURE 4. Effective refractory period. (A) Typical atrial ERPs at PCL of 200 ms. (B) Average ERP. n = 7 per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. CTL; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. AD.

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  FIGURE 5. AF susceptibility. (A) Typical recordings of AF. (B,C) Inducibility and duration of AFs. n = 7 per group.

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  FIGURE 6. Ion channels remodeling, Cx40 expression, and autonomic remodeling. (A,B) Immunoblotting and quantitative analysis of Cx40, Kv1.5, Kv4.2, Kv4.3 and Cav1.2, n = 3 per group (C ,D) Typical images of GAP43 immunohistochemical staining and percentage of the GAP43 area, n = 5 per group. (E,F) Typical images of TH immunohistochemical staining and percentage of the TH area, n = 5 per group. (G,H) Immunoblotting and quantitative analysis of GAP43 and TH, n = 3 per grou4.3p. (I,J) Concentration of NE in serum and LA, n = 5 per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. CTL; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. AD.

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  FIGURE 7. Atrial fibrosis. (A,B) Typical images of Sirius red staining and percentage of the fibrosis area, n = 5 per group. (C,D) Immunoblotting and quantitative analysis of TGF-β1, collagen I, and collagen III, n = 3 per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. CTL; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. AD.

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  FIGURE 8. Oxidative stress in vivo. (A,B) Typical images and relative fluorescence intensity of ROS in LA, n = 5 per group. (C) The concentration of MDA and activity of SOD in serum and LA, n = 5 per group. (D–F) Immunoblotting and quantitative analysis of Nrf2, HO-1, n = 3 per group.

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  FIGURE 9. Oxidative stress in vitro. (A,B) Typical images and relative fluorescence intensity of ROS in HL-1 cells, n = 5 per group. (C,D) The activity of SOD and concentration of MDA in culture supernate, n = 5 per group. (E,F) Immunoblotting and quantitative analysis of Nrf2, HO-1, n = 3 per group.

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  FIGURE 10. A summary of the effects of pinocembrin on atrial fibrillation susceptibility in rats with anxiety disorder.