Pinocembrin Decreases Ventricular Fibrillation Susceptibility in a Rat Model of Depression

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Time axis of procedures used in the present study. CUMS, chronic unpredictable mild stress.

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  FIGURE 2. Behavioral tests. (A) Representative images of movement locus in OFT. (B–D) Traveling distance, speed, and score of rearing in OFT, respectively. n = 24 per group. (E) Immobility time in FST. n = 24 per group. *p < 0.01 vs. CTL; #p < 0.01 vs. MDD. OFT, open field test; FST, forced swimming test.

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  FIGURE 3. Monophasic action potentials. (A) Representative recordings of ventricular electrogram. (B) ERP at four epicardial sites, respectively. n = 10 per group. *p < 0.01 vs. CTL; #p < 0.01 vs. MDD. ERP, effective refractory period.

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  FIGURE 4. Ventricular repolarization. (A) Representative recordings of APD at PCL of 250 ms. (B,C) APD90 and APD50 at four epicardial sites at PCL of 250 ms, respectively. n = 10 per group. *p < 0.01 vs. CTL; #p < 0.01 vs. MDD; ##p < 0.05 vs. MDD. PCL, pacing cycle length; APD90 and APD50, action potential duration at 90% repolarization and 50% repolarization, respectively.

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  FIGURE 5. VF vulnerability. (A) Representative recordings of burst pacing protocol. (B,C) Inducibility and duration of VF, respectively. n = 10 per group. VF, ventricular fibrillation; NS, no significant difference.

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  FIGURE 6. Electrocardiogram parameters and HRV. (A–D) QT interval, corrected QT interval, Tpeak–Tend interval and QRS interval, respectively. n = 7 per group. (E–H) Statistical analysis of HR, mean RR, SDNN, and RMSSD, respectively. n = 7 per group. *p < 0.01 vs. CTL; #p < 0.01 vs. MDD; ##p < 0.05 vs. MDD. HRV, heart rate variability.

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  FIGURE 7. Ventricular autonomic neural remodeling. (A,B) Typical staining examples and quantitative analysis of TH in LV, respectively (original magnification: ×400). (C,D) Typical staining examples and quantitative analysis of GAP43 in LV, respectively (original magnification: ×400). n = 7 per group. (E–G) Immunoblotting and expression ratio of TH and GAP43, respectively. n = 7 per group. *p < 0.01 vs. CTL; #p < 0.01 vs. MDD. TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; GAP43, growth associated protein-43; LV, left ventricle.

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  FIGURE 8. Ventricular myocardial fibrosis, Cx43 expression, and ELISA. (A,B) Representative images of Masson staining in LV and quantification of the fibrotic area (original magnification: ×200), respectively. n = 7 per group. (C,D) Immunoblotting and expression ratio of Cx43, respectively. n = 7 per group. (E–G) Serum NE, TNF-α, and IL-1β concentrations, respectively. n = 7 per group. *p < 0.01 vs. CTL; #p < 0.01 vs. MDD. LV, left ventricle.

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  FIGURE 9. Western blot. (A–C) Immunoblotting and expression ratio of Cav1.2 and Kv4.2, respectively. n = 7 per group. (D–G) Immunoblotting and expression ratio of IκBα, p-IκBα, and p-p65, respectively. n = 7 per group. *p < 0.01 vs. CTL; #p < 0.01 vs. MDD.