Systematic Review of Renal Outcomes and Procedural Efficacy of Carbon Dioxide Digital Subtraction Angiography in Endovascular Aortic Repair

Objective: digital subtraction angiography (DSA) during EVAR, with particular attention to renal outcomes and procedural efficacy. Data Sources: -DSA during standard EVAR. Review The primary outcome was the incidence of PO-RFW, and secondary outcomes included procedural success, arterial image visualisation quality, endoleak detection, and radiation exposure. Renal and hypogastric arteries were effectively visualised during repair in 53-100% and 94-100% of cases, respectively. Data on endoleak detection were heterogeneous, limiting definitive conclusions. Conclusion: delivery, imaging assessment criteria, and renal outcome definitions. To standardise clinical practice, a defined protocol is needed to maximise its advantages in everyday practice.