Why the study?
A variety of tools have been developed to measure cardiomyocyte receptor-ligand interactions and mechanics across different scales, motivating an overview of tools for exploring cardiomyocyte mechanosensing and cell mechanics.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the tools available for studying cardiomyocyte mechanobiology and mechanosensing across multiple scales.
Should not alter clinical practice; extends researcher access to multiscale cardiomyocyte mechanosensing tools.
Cardiomyocytes generate force for the contraction of the heart to pump blood into the lungs and body. At the same time, they are exquisitely tuned to the mechanical environment and react to e.g. changes in cell and extracellular matrix stiffness or altered stretching due to reduced ejection fraction in heart disease, by adapting their cytoskeleton, force generation and cell mechanics. Both mechanical sensing and cell mechanical adaptations are multiscale processes. Receptor interactions with the extracellular matrix at the nanoscale will lead to clustering of receptors and modification of the cytoskeleton. This in turn alters mechanosensing, force generation, cell and nuclear stiffness and viscoelasticity at the microscale. Further, this affects cell shape, orientation, maturation and tissue integration at the microscale to macroscale. A variety of tools have been developed and adapted to measure cardiomyocyte receptor-ligand interactions and forces or mechanics at the different ranges, resulting in a wealth of new information about cardiomyocyte mechanobiology. Here, we take stock at the different tools for exploring cardiomyocyte mechanosensing and cell mechanics at the different scales from the nanoscale to microscale and macroscale.
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Swiatlowska et al. (2021) studied this question.
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