Key result
A Cyber Physical System approach to pacemaker design exploiting fractal properties of heart rate activity was implemented on a Virtex4 FPGA to evaluate hardware complexity and area overhead.
A novel Cyber Physical System approach utilizing the fractal properties of heart rate activity can be implemented in pacemaker controller design.
FPGA implementation shows fractal CPS pacemaker control is feasible; leaves open clinical safety, efficacy, and patient outcomes.
Cardiac diseases, like those related to abnormal heart rate activity, have an enormous economic and psychological impact worldwide. The approaches used to control the behavior of modern pacemakers ignore the fractal nature of heart rate activity. The purpose of this article is to present a Cyber Physical System approach to pacemaker design that exploits precisely the fractal properties of heart rate activity in order to design the pacemaker controller. Towards this end, we solve a finite horizon optimal control problem based on the heartbeat time series and show that this control problem can be converted into a system of linear equations. We also compare and contrast the performance of the fractal optimal control problem under six different cost functions. Finally, to get an idea of hardware complexity, we implement the fractal optimal controller on a Virtex4 FPGA and report some preliminary results in terms of area overhead.
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Bogdan et al. (2013) studied Cardiac diseases related to abnormal heart rate activity. Fractal optimal controller for pacemaker design was evaluated on Performance of the fractal optimal control problem and hardware complexity (area overhead). A Cyber Physical System approach to pacemaker design exploiting fractal properties of heart rate activity was implemented on a Virtex4 FPGA to evaluate hardware complexity and area overhead.
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