Cardiac resynchronization therapy by multipoint pacing improves response of left ventricular mechanics and fluid dynamics: a three-dimensional and particle image velocimetry echo study

11 consecutive patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with a quadripolar LV lead, median age 65 years, 8 men.

Multipoint pacing (MPP) configuration evaluated at 6 months follow-up

Biventricular pacing (BiV) and CRT-OFF configurations

Left ventricular mechanics (LV volumes, LVEF, strain, and systolic dyssynchrony index) and intraventricular fluid dynamics (directional distribution of global blood flow momentum) assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography and echocardiographic particle imaging velocimetrysurrogate