Because of the three-dimensional magnetic configuration behaviors of trapped particles in a helical ripple are complicated and the confinement of energetic particles is one of the important issues in helical systems. This article presents recent advances in theoretical research on the energetic particle confinement of helical systems. The characteristics of energetic particle orbits and loss processes are briefly explained. The recent results of configuration studies of energetic particle confinement in quasi-symmetric systems, quasi-isodynamic systems, and heliotrons are reviewed. Finally, research topics in the energetic particle confinement of helical systems are discussed.
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S. Murakami (2004) studied this question.
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