The Association Between Major Depressive Disorder in Childhood and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescence

566 adolescents, comprising probands with established histories of childhood-onset major depressive disorder (n = 210), never-depressed siblings of probands (n = 195), and controls with no history of any major psychiatric disorder (n = 161).

Childhood-onset major depressive disorder (exposure)

Never-depressed siblings and controls with no history of any major psychiatric disorder

Cardiovascular disease risk factors including smoking, obesity, physical activity level, sedentary behavior, and parental history of CVDsurrogate