Recent advances in Video-STM studies of molecular-scale adsorbate dynamics at electrochemical interfaces

The surface transport and interactions of specifically adsorbed species at electrochemical interfaces plays a key role in many electrode processes. Over the past decades, advances in in situ techniques for electrochemical environments, in particular high-speed electrochemical scanning probe microscopy, have enabled molecular-level investigations into the quantitative dynamics and elementary mechanisms of these atomic-scale events. This review highlights recent developments in this technique and new observations that provide fresh insights into the formation and diffusion of adsorbates on electrode surfaces, in particular under crowded conditions, as well as the structural fluctuations and reaction dynamics of adsorbate adlayers.