Engineering biomimetic lipid-membrane interfaces for electrochemical sensing: From model membranes to functional devices

Biomimetic lipid membranes offer versatile interfaces for electrochemical sensing by combining controlled molecular organization, selective ion transport and a native-like environment for enzymes and membrane proteins. This review summarizes recent advances in sensors based on Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films, supported and tethered lipid bilayers, lipid liquid-crystalline matrices, vesicular systems and functionalized lipid interfaces. Particular attention is paid to the design of the membrane-electrode interface, incorporation of enzymes, ion channels and native membrane components, detection of pore-forming agents and inhibitors, and newer recognition strategies involving nucleolipids and molecular imprinting. The studies discussed here show a gradual transition from physicochemical model systems to more reproducible, regenerable and biologically relevant bioelectronic devices. Major challenges include electrical sealing, membrane heterogeneity, long-term stability, operation in complex samples and standardization of impedance analysis. Future progress is expected from hybrid lipid-polymer interfaces, native-cell membranes, cell-free production of membrane proteins, and multiplexed devices capable of continuous monitoring.