Flexible Electrochemical Architectures for Neuromorphic Biosensing

Flexible electrochemical neuromorphic biosensors aim to combine biorecognition, soft mechanics, and history-dependent signal processing within the sensing interface. In these systems, biological inputs modulate electrochemical state variables such as ion distribution, redox state, interfacial charge, or channel conductance, allowing subsequent responses to be dependent on prior inputs. This review examines how various materials and complex architectures can achieve neural-like behavior in wearable biosensing, providing memory, plasticity and classification. However, analyte-driven plasticity is often demonstrated in static devices using pure buffers, whereas wearable validation is usually shown with conventional sensing. Future progress requires proof that recognized biomolecules or ions can write useful, reversible electrochemical changes in unprocessed biofluids under deformation, with clear analytical benefit beyond neuromorphic curve shape.