Should implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and permanent pacemakers in patients with terminal illness be deactivated?

Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities 1 include a discussion of ethical issues surrounding the deactivation of pacemakers, implanted cardioverter-defibrillator (ICDs), and CRT devices in patients who are terminally ill.The authors rightly note that most clinicians make an ethical distinction between deactivating an ICD and deactivating a permanent pacemaker.3][4][5][6][7][8] Many patients and physicians find the deactivation of an ICD in this situation as morally equivalent to a "do not resuscitate" order.Deactivation of an ICD in a patient who is dying of a terminal illness, whether cardiac or another condition, prevents the delivery of painful ICD shocks and allows the patient to die of the natural progression of their underlying disease.As such, this action seems a humane withdrawal of a futile medical treatment.