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The nature of the sodium plasma created by ionization of the sodium emitted into the environment of Jupiter by Io is discussed. It is shown that the ions form a three-component plasma: cold, thermal, and energetic. Observational evidence for the effect of the plasma on the neutral sodium cloud is presented. The energetic component is predicted to generate ion cyclotron turbulence near the sodium gyrofrequency.
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Eviatar et al. (1976) studied this question.
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