Perirenal and epicardial fat and their association with carotid intima-media thickness in children

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. (A) Echocardiographic carotid intima-media thickness. Diastolic images were obtained using a linear 12-MHz transducer at the level of the distal common carotid artery, 1 cm away from its bifurcation. The intima-media thickness in the image is indicated between the 2 cursors and marked using the number 1. (B) Echocardiographic perirenal fat thickness. Children were placed in the supine position and the probe was moved to find the position at which the surface of the kidney was almost parallel to the skin. Longitudinal scans were then performed using a linear 12-MHz transducer. The thickness from the inner side of the abdominal musculature to the surface of the kidney was measured. The perirenal fat thickness in the image is indicated between the 2 cursors and marked using the number 3. (C) Echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness. Children were placed in the left lateral decubitus position. Measurements of the fat thickness adjacent to the free wall of the right ventricle were taken from the parasternal long-axis views using a linear 12-MHz transducer. Epicardial adipose tissue appears as an echo-free space between the pericardium and myocardium indicated by the 2 cursors and…

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  Fig. 2.. Scatter plot of perirenal fat and the cIMT of children according to BMI categories. White dots and a dotted line depict lean children (BMI-SDS<1), gray dots and a dashed line depict overweight (OW) children (≤1 BMI-SDS <2), and black dots and a solid line depict obese children (BMI-SDS ≥2). cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; BMI, body mass index; SDS, standard deviation score.