Organoids in drug development: from predictive models to regulatory integration

Organoids offer superior physiological relevance over traditional 2D and animal models. By recapitulating human tissue architecture, they enable predictive assessments of drug efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics (DMPK). Integrating artificial intelligence (AI)-driven modeling further expands their preclinical utility, particularly in oncology. Concurrently, regulatory agencies are establishing standards for organoid validation and qualification. In this review, we summarize current applications and discuss the scientific and regulatory requirements needed to bridge the translational gap. We emphasize that harmonized regulatory frameworks are essential to ensure scientific rigor and facilitate the broader adoption of organoid technologies in drug development.