Association of apolipoprotein M and sphingosine-1-phosphate with brown adipose tissue after cold exposure in humans

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow charge of the three included studies and the exclusion criteria.

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  Figure 2. Overview of the three included studies and the difference in age, healt status, cold protocol, and exposure time. STC-CPH; short-term cold, Copenhagen. STC-LEI; short-term cold, Leiderdorp. LTC; long-term cold.

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  Figure 3. ApoM plasma levels in STC-CPH (A), STC-LEI (B), and LTC (C). Thermoneutral (TN) and cold refers to pre-cooling and after cold exposure (2 h) in STC-CPH (n = 15) and STC-LEI (n = 20). In LTC samples were taken at 0 and after 24 h at either 33˚C (n = 20, intensified cold) or 36˚C (n = 24, cold maintenance). Data are presented as mean with error bars as SD. In A and B, data are analyzed with a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test depending on normal distribution. In C, data are analyzed with a two-way mixed ANOVA with time and temperature as variables. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0005 for TN vs Cold. STC-CPH; short-term cold, Copenhagen. STC-LEI; short-term cold, Leiderdorp. LTC; long-term cold.

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  Figure 4. S1P plasma levels in STC-CPH (A), STC-LEI (B), and LTC (C). Thermoneutral (TN) and cold refers to pre-cooling and after cold exposure (2 h) in STC-CPH (n = 15) and STC-LEI (n = 20). In LTC samples were taken at 0 and after 24 h at either 33˚C (n = 20, intensified cold) or 36˚C (n = 24, cold maintenance). Data presented as mean with error bars as SD and in A and B and analyzed with either a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test depending on a normal distribution. In C data are analyzed with a two-way mixed ANOVA with time and temperature as variables. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0005 for TN vs Cold. STC-CPH; short-term cold, Copenhagen. STC-LEI; short-term cold, Leiderdorp. LTC; long-term cold.

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  Figure 5. Association between brown adipose tissue (BAT) parameters and delta plasma apoM and S1P levels (ΔapoM and ΔS1P). Delta plasma apoM and S1P levels (cold-induced changes in plasma concentration) were associated with BAT volume (A and E), metabolic activity (B and F), SUVmean (C and G) and SUVmax (D and H). Data were tested for homogeneity before combining the studies in linear regression analysis adjusting for a study place. Adj R2; adjusted R-square value. β; beta-coefficient. []; 95%-confident interval. STC-CPH (n = 11); short-term cold, Copenhagen. STC-LEI (n = 19); short-term cold, Leiderdorp.