Population
General population of England and Wales and the United States, including the full range of age groups.
Design
Cohort
Follow-up
131 years (England and Wales) and 91 years (United States)
Authors
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Suggests male CVD excess is environmentally driven and potentially modifiable; leaves open which lifestyle factors warrant targeted investigation.
Male excess mortality from cardiovascular disease is a relatively modern phenomenon, suggesting environmental or lifestyle factors rather than purely biological differences.
Nikiforov et al. (1998) studied this question.
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