Mapping livelihood vulnerability under compulsory land acquisition: Evidence from the Yogyakarta – Bawen toll road project, Indonesia

Development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) affect millions of people each, yet systematic approaches for assessing livelihood vulnerability remain limited. Using the Yogyakarta-Bawen toll road project in Indonesia as a case study, this research applies the composite Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and the LVI-IPCC framework to assess livelihood vulnerability across 24 affected villages. While the composite LVI identifies the principal components contributing to overall vulnerability, the LVI-IPCC framework provides complementary insight into the relative roles of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Results indicate that development and economic capacity (DEC), tenure security (TS), transition capacity (TC), and human capital (HC) are the most prominent contributors, highlighting the importance of adaptive-capacity related constraints in the study area. These findings demonstrate how village-level vulnerability assessments can support context-specific livelihood restoration planning by identifying priority areas for targeted interventions. The study illustrates how established vulnerability frameworks can be adapted to compulsory land acquisition, providing a practical approach for evidence-based livelihood restoration and socially sustainable infrastructure planning.