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Review the application of X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, structural characterization, and quality standardization in Ayurvedic Bhasmas and herbo-mineral formulations.

August 20, 2026Open Access

Application of X-Ray Diffraction (Xrd) in the Characterization and Standardization of Ayurvedic Bhasmas and Herbo-Mineral Formulations: A Comprehensive Review

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Authors

AKAnil Kumar DGDr. Manisha Goyal GSGovind Sahay ShuklaDr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University

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Implication

Narrative review demonstrates X-ray diffraction confirms phase transformation and particle size reduction in Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulations, highlighting modern standardization.

Key Points

Review the application of X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, structural characterization, and quality standardization in Ayurvedic Bhasmas and herbo-mineral formulations.
Synthesized XRD literature on single-drug Bhasmas and multi-ingredient Rasa formulations, including Lauha, Yashada, Tamra, Swarna, Trivanga Bhasmas, Makaradhwaja, Vasantakusumakar Rasa, and Tarakeswara Rasa.
Assessed XRD peak disappearance, peak broadening, and diffraction intensities to determine phase transitions, crystalline stability, and crystallite size modifications following Śodhana and Māraṇa processes.
XRD patterns revealed the disappearance of elemental metallic peaks and the formation of stable oxide and sulfide phases (Fe₂O₃, ZnO, SnO₂, CuO, HgS), validating pharmaceutical detoxification.
Diffraction peak broadening and altered intensities demonstrated crystallite size reduction into nano- and microcrystalline ranges, supporting improved bioavailability.

Cite This Study

Kumar et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a86b5b08a91293e6a1cd1cd https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21991900

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Implication

Narrative review demonstrates X-ray diffraction confirms phase transformation and particle size reduction in Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulations, highlighting modern standardization.

Application of X-Ray Diffraction (Xrd) in the Characterization and Standardization of Ayurvedic Bhasmas and Herbo-Mineral Formulations: A Comprehensive Review

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

Application of X-Ray Diffraction (Xrd) in the Characterization and Standardization of Ayurvedic Bhasmas and Herbo-Mineral Formulations: A Comprehensive Review

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

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