Identification of metabolic pathways and serum biomarkers in diabetic cardiomyopathy using untargeted metabolomics

Figures

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  Fig. 1. The body weight, water intake, diet, urine output, fasting blood glucose, serum glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance index, and blood lipids of each group of rats (CTR, NDCM, DCM) are shown in the figure. Among them, A is the weight of each group of rats, B is the 24-hour water intake of each group of rats, C is the 24-hour dietary intake of each group of rats, D is the 24-hour urine output of each group of rats, E is the fasting blood glucose of each group of rats at weeks 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, F is the serum glycated hemoglobin of each group of rats, G is the insulin resistance index of each group of rats, and H is the TG, CHO, HDL, LDL of each group of rats.

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  Fig. 2. The EF, FS, LVIDd, and LVIDs of each group of rats (CTR, NDCM, DCM) are shown in the figure. Among them, A is the EF of each group of rats, B is the FS of each group of rats, C is the LVIDd of each group of rats, and D is the LVIDs of each group of rats.

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  Fig. 3. The pancreatic HE histopathology of each group of rats (CTR, NDCM, DCM) is shown in the figure. Among them, A is the HE200 fold of pancreas in CTR group rats, B is the HE400 fold of pancreas in CTR group rats, C is the HE200 fold of pancreas in NDCM group rats, D is the HE400 fold of pancreas in NDCM group rats, E is the HE200 fold of pancreas in DCM group rats, and F is the HE400 fold of pancreas in DCM group rats. The cardiac HE and Masson staining histopathology of each group of rats (CTR, NDCM, DCM) are also shown in the figure. Among them, G is the heart muscle HE400 times of the CTR group rats, H is the heart muscle Masson 200 times of the CTR group rats, I is the heart muscle HE400 times of the NDCM group rats, J is the heart muscle Masson 200 times of the NDCM group rats, K is the heart muscle HE400 times of the DCM group rats, L is the heart muscle Masson 200 times of the DCM group rats, and M is the myocardial collagen area fraction in the heart muscle cells of each group of rats.

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  Fig. 4. The horizontal axis PC1 and vertical axis PC2 in the figure represent the scores of the first and second-ranked principal components, respectively. Different coloured scatter points represent samples from different experimental groups, and the ellipse is the 95% confidence interval (when the number of biological replicates is less than 4, the 95% confidence ellipse cannot be displayed). PCA analysis of serum metabolomics in each group of rats is shown in the figure. Among them, A and B are the POS and NEG modes of DCM. vs. CTR, C and D are the POS and NEG modes of NDCM. vs. CTR, E and F are the POS and NEG modes of DCM. vs. NDCM, respectively. OPLS-DA analysis of serum metabolomics in each group of rats is also shown in the figure. Among them, G and H are the POS and NEG modes of DCM. vs. CTR, I and J are the POS and NEG modes of NDCM. vs. CTR, K and L are the POS and NEG modes of DCM. vs. NDCM, respectively.

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  Fig. 5. The volcano plot of differential metabolites in the serum of each group of rats is shown in the figure. Among them, A and B are the POS and NEG modes of DCM. vs. CTR, C and D are the POS and NEG modes of NDCM. vs. CTR, E and F are the POS and NEG modes of DCM. vs. NDCM, respectively.

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  Fig. 6. The KEGG bubble plots of differential metabolites in the serum of each group of rats are shown in the figure. Among them, A and B are the POS and NEG modes of DCM. vs. CTR, C and D are the POS and NEG modes of NDCM. vs. CTR, E and F are the POS and NEG modes of DCM. vs. NDCM, respectively.

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  Fig. 7. The differential metabolites in the serum of each group of rats are shown in a Wayne diagram. Among them, A is the serum differential metabolite identified by three groups of rats in POS mode, and B is the serum differential metabolite identified by three groups of rats in NEG mode. The box plots of 7 differential metabolites are also shown in the figure. Among them, C is 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)−5-methoxyheptan-3-one, D is 5-OxoETE, E is RNK, F is Hexadecanedioic acid, G is PC O-16:4_3:0, H is D - (-) - Glutamine, I is 23 Nordeoxycholic acid.

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  Fig. 8. The ROC curve analysis results of 5-OxoETE and D-Glutamine are shown in the figure. Among them, A, B, and C are the ROC curve analysis results of 5-OxoETE in DCM. vs. CTR, NDCM. vs. CTR, and DCM. vs. NDCM, respectively. D. E and F are the ROC curve analysis results of D-Glutamine in DCM. vs. CTR, NDCM. vs. CTR, and DCM. vs. NDCM, respectively.