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This paper proposes the strategy of container shipping industry in the foreseeable future. Container shipping presently encounters challenges such as excess container capacity, low-freight rate, high-fuel cost, and eco-efficient policy. In addition, the Fourth Industrial Revolution also affects the shipping industry via autonomous ship and reshoring phenomena. The hundreds of zettabytes big data enable deep-learning-based ship design as well as autonomous shipping; the various propulsion types become satisfied with the EEDI requirement; the small- and mid-sized containerships account for the significant portion of container fleets. By considering these key issues, the expectable changes are discussed for sustainable shipping.
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Ahn et al. (2019) studied this question.
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