Key result
The concept of venous excess is proposed as a more precise and observable error signal than venous return for teaching cardiovascular control and understanding the Starling mechanism.
Proposes 'venous excess' as a conceptually clearer alternative to 'venous return' for teaching cardiovascular control mechanisms.
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May improve cardiovascular physiology teaching; leaves open whether venous excess refines clinical application of the Starling mechanism.
Reddi et al. (2004) conducted a review in Cardiovascular control. Venous excess concept vs. Venous return concept was evaluated. The concept of venous excess is proposed as a more precise and observable error signal than venous return for teaching cardiovascular control and understanding the Starling mechanism.
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