Association between chronic kidney disease and heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum: a retrospective case-control study from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry

Figure 1. Associations between CKD defined by ICD-10 codes and by eGFR and HF according to EF. Odds ratio with respect to having CKD. Dependent variable: HF or HF across the EF spectrum; independent variable: CKD defined by ICD-10/procedural codes or CKD defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Reference category: non-HF for ICD −10 analysis; HFrEF for eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Abbreviations: HF, heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals; P, P-value, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate

Figure 2. Associations between CKD severity and HF according to EF. Odds ratios for new-onset HFmrEF and HFpEF with respect to having CKD stratified by KDIGO categories, dependent variable: HF across the EF spectrum, independent variable: KDIGO eGFR categories: G3a (45–59 ml/min/1.73 m2), G3b (30–44 ml/min/1.73 m2), G4 (15–29 ml/min/1.73 m2), and G5 (<15 ml/min/1.73 m2). Within each model, the reference eGFR category was G2 (60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2). Reference category for EF: HFrEF. Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced EF; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved EF; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval

Figure 3. Patient characteristics associated with new-onset HF according to CKD status. All covariates were tested for interaction with CKD; only significant results are displayed in the graph. The full results of the interaction analyses across HF phenotypes are reported in Supplementary Table S4. Abbreviations: HF, heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals; P, P-value; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TIA, transient ischaemic attack, muscolosk./connective tissue disease, musculoskeletal or connective tissue disease