Heart Dysfunction in Essential Hypertension Depends on Systemic Proinflammatory Influences: A Retrospective Clinical Pathophysiological Study

Figure 1. Scheme for the selection of the study participants in the main group (combination of essential arterial hypertension and heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction). Abbreviations: CHF: chronic heart failure, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVDD: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

Figure 2. An episode of echocardiography in Participant B (female, 59 years old) with the 2nd stage of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. In the Doppler mode (A), transmitral blood flow is shown with an assessment of Peaks E and A. In the tissue (B,C), the Doppler mode and the fibrous ring of the mitral valve movement are shown in the left ventricle early filling phase (Peaks e′ lateral and medial). (D) demonstrates the velocity of tricuspid regurgitation. (E) reflects the measurement of the flow in the pulmonary veins. The four-chamber position for measuring the volume of the left atrium is shown in (F).

Figure 3. Indicators of CRP level in the blood (mg/L) in patients with hypertension without CHF and LV diastolic dysfunction (comparison group), patients with hypertension with CHF and LV diastolic dysfunction of the 1st and the 2nd stages, and healthy individuals (control group), taking into account participants’ gender.

Figure 4. Indicators of TNF-α level in the blood (pg/mL) in patients with hypertension without CHF and LV diastolic dysfunction (comparison group), patients with hypertension with CHF and LV diastolic dysfunction of the 1st and the 2nd stages, and healthy individuals (control group), taking into account participants’ gender.

Figure 5. Indicators of IL-6 level in the blood (pg/mL) in patients with hypertension without CHF and LV diastolic dysfunction (comparison group), patients with hypertension with CHF and LV diastolic dysfunction of the 1st and the 2nd stages, and healthy individuals (control group), taking into account participants’ gender.

Figure 6. Correlative associations between C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha serum levels and 6 min walk test results in males with hypertension complicated by CHF with preserved ejection fraction. Each dot represents a participant. Abbreviations: CRP: C-reactive protein, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6: interleukin-6.

Figure 7. Correlative associations between C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha serum levels and 6 min walk test results in females with hypertension complicated by CHF with preserved ejection fraction. Each dot represents a participant. Abbreviations: CRP: C-reactive protein, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6: interleukin-6.