Clinical Relevance of Right Atrial Strain Using Speckle-tracking Echocardiography: Emerging Insights and Future Prospective

Figures

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  Figure 1. (a) Display of normal values of right atrium (RA) strain (curves and values) of all phases (RAS r: reservoir, RAS cd: conduit, and RAS ct: contraction) with the zero strain reference at end-diastole, and (b) Severely reduced RA strain values in all phases. RA: Right atrium, LA: Left atrial

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  Figure 2. Example of patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR); (a) right atrium (RA) strain quantification (curve and values) showed marked reduction in all phases (r: reservoir, cd: conduit, and ct: contraction), (b) Apical 4-chamber view of two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography with color Doppler showed severe TR jet from right ventricle (RV) to RA (yellow arrows). RA: Right atrium, RV: Right ventricle

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  Figure 3. Example of patient with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (EF); (a) Right atrium strain quantification (curve and values) showed marked reduction in all phases, (b) Bi-plane Simpson method calculation of left ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and EF using apical four-chamber and two-chamber views

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  Figure 4. Right atrium (RA) strain (curve and values) in patients with cardiomyopathy, (a) example of patient with cardiac amyloidosis showed reduction of RA strain in all phases, (b) example of patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy showed reduction of RA strain in reservoir and contraction phases, and (c) example of patient with arrythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy showed reduction of RA strain in all phases

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  Figure 5. (a) Example of reduced right atrium strain in all phases in patient with atrial fibrillation and B) in patient with coronary artery disease (b)

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  Figure 6. An illustrated graph summarized the clinical role of right atrium (RA) strain (diagnostic, risk stratification, monitoring, and outcome assessment). According to the published data, each clinical condition is displayed in a separate box with summary and arrow explaining the clinical role of RA strain. RA: Right atrium, AF: Atrial fibrillation