SYMBOLS φ Internal friction angle (°), C Interlocking or internal cohesion (kPa), RD Relative density (%), D50 Mean grain size (mm), δH Horizontal displacement (mm), δV Vertical displacement (mm), Cu Uniformity coefficient, Cc coefficient of curvature ρs Unit weight of sand particles, ρa Bulk density, emax Maximum void ratio, emin Minimum void ratio, nmax maximum porosity nmin minimum porosity e Global void ratio, γs Specific weight of solids [g/cm 3 ], σn Normal stress [kPa], τ Shear strength [kPa] τmax Peak shear strength [kPa], SEM
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Mohamed Ezziane (2025) studied this question.
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