Common Bile Duct after Cholecystectomy

JOURNL smoking to cause symptoms.One approach to the problem of tobacco addiction might be to try to persuade cigarette smokers to change to a pipe.Apart from other considerations, those persuaded would probably smoke less. SummaryThe relation between smoking and respiratory symptoms and disability has been studied in 734 men between the ages of 25 and 64 who were randomly selected from urban and rural populations, defined by private census during the course of community surveys into the prevalence of common diseases.A questionary was used to record respiratory symptoms and smoking habits; the ventilatory capacity was assessed using the indirect maximum breathing capacity test.A clear relation between smoking and persistent cough and sputum has invariably been found, and smokers also tended to record more chest illness, wheezing, breathlessness, and "chronic bronchitis " (defined as persistent sputum and at least one chest illUness during the past three years) than non-smokers.Non-smokers recorded a higher mean M.B.C. than smokers, the best estimate of the difference, allowing for the size of the various groups studied, being 9 litres a minute.There was, however, no significant downward trend with increasing tobacco consumption among the smokers.I thank my colleagues at the Pneumoconiosis Research Unit for their advice and criticism, particularly Mr. P. D. Oldham for much statistical assistance and Dr. J. C.