Birth weight, cardiovascular health, and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A longitudinal perspective from the UK biobank cohort

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Hazard ratios of incident CVD according to birth weight among 143,910 participants in the UKB. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between birth weight and the risk of CVD with normal birth weight as the reference. Models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (White, yes or no), family history of CVD (yes or no), household income (£, <18,000; 18,000–30,999; 31,000–51,999; 52,000–100,000; or >100,000), education (College or university degree; A levels/AS levels or equivalent; O levels/GCSE levels or equivalent; CSEs or equivalent; NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent; Other professional qualifications; or None of above), index of multiple deprivation, diet score, smoking status (never, previous, or current), moderate or vigorous physical activities per week (metabolic equivalent of task minutes), sleep duration per day (hours), and body mass index. Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person-year.

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  Fig. 2. Hazard ratios of total CVD according to joint categories of birth weight and LE8 CVH among 143,910 participants in the UKB. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the joint association of birth weight and CVH with CVD, with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity (white, yes or no), family history of CVD (yes or no), household income (£, <18,000; 18,000–30,999; 31,000–51,999; 52,000–100,000; or >100,000), education (College or university degree; A levels/AS levels or equivalent; O levels/GCSE levels or equivalent; CSEs or equivalent; NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent; Other professional qualifications; None of above), index of multiple deprivation. In the multiplicative or additive interaction analyses, birth weight (<2.5 kg or ≥2.5 kg) and the CVH (low or moderate/high) was considered as two binary variables. Abbreviations: CI, Confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CVH, cardiovascular health; LE8, Life’s Essential 8.