Influence of water immersion, water gymnastics and swimming on cardiac output in patients with heart failure

30 subjects total: 10 patients with compensated chronic heart failure (CHF) (mean age 62.9, EF 31.5%), 10 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and preserved LV function (mean age 57.2, EF 63.9%), and 10 healthy controls (mean age 32.8).

Thermoneutral (32 degrees C) water immersion, water gymnastics, and swimming

Healthy controls and patients with CAD with preserved LV function

Haemodynamic response (cardiac index, stroke volume, Vo2) measured using a non-invasive foreign gas rebreathing method during stepwise water immersion, water gymnastics and swimmingsurrogate