Why the study?
Although guideline recommendations warrant complete system extraction for CIED infections, factors such as prolonged lead dwell time, ICD leads, and comorbidities significantly increase procedural complexity and risk.
Observational
Complete CIED extraction warranted even for localized pocket infections; reinforces guideline-directed management to minimize recurrence.
The use of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), has increased significantly in recent years. CIED-related infections are serious complications, occurring in up to 25% of patients undergoing two or more device replacements [1,2]. Even localized pocket infections warrant complete device system extraction per guideline recommendations. Although the overall procedural risk of CIED extraction is low (1–2%), certain patient and device characteristics—such as prolonged lead dwell time, ICD leads, and multiple comorbidities—can significantly increase procedural complexity and risk [3].
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Hwang et al. (2025) conducted an observational in Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. Continuous, in situ-targeted, ultrahigh-concentration antibiotic therapy was evaluated. Continuous, in situ-targeted, ultrahigh-concentration antibiotic therapy for high-risk CIED infection was discussed, but no quantitative results were reported in the abstract.
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