Experiments have been made with a torsional shear apparatus with aluminium, stainless steel and titanium alloy substrates. The bond strength measurements are independent of joint area, only slightly affected by thickness and appropriate conversions from torque to stress are discussed. At low temperatures, failure is by brittle fracture within the adhesive; at higher temperatures the adhesive behaves in a ductile manner and areas of substrate are left clean. The site of failure is discussed and evidence suggests that a layer of adsorbed liquid from the cleaning process might provide the weak layer initiating failure.
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Foulkes et al. (1970) studied this question.
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