Geospatial analysis reveals rising human-environment pressure and built-up land expansion in coastal wetlands, highlighting spatially contrasting ecological risks.
Key Points
To evaluate spatial and temporal human-environment pressure across coastal wetland ecosystems by integrating remote sensing land cover data, hydroclimatic variables, and anthropogenic indicators.
Classified multi-temporal Landsat imagery (2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2024) using Random Forest algorithms, achieving overall accuracies of 0.769–0.864 for KLC and 0.772–0.903 for MPRS.
Integrated CHIRPS precipitation, sea-surface temperature, evapotranspiration-based water stress, and VIIRS night-time radiance into an entropy-weighted Human-Environment Pressure Index.
Between 2000 and 2024, built-up land cover expanded by 71.72% at KLC and 17.73% at MPRS, accompanied by steady declines in natural vegetation across both ecosystems.
The Human-Environment Pressure Index increased from 0.362 to 0.562 at KLC and from 0.320 to 0.497 at MPRS between 2015 and 2024, showing high concordance with equal-weight index variations (Spearman rho = 0.943, p = 0.0048).