Evaluation of the antibacterial properties of Calotropis procera encapsulated in hyaluronic acid alginate biocomposite beads

This study presents biodegradable antibacterial biocomposite beads incorporating Calotropis procera powder within a hyaluronic acid–alginate matrix (HA/ALG/CPP) prepared via ionic crosslinking with calcium chloride. Beads with varying plant powder loadings (5–20 wt%) were fabricated and systematically characterized. Swelling behavior of the prepared beads evaluated, while chemical structure and morphology were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The antimicrobial performance of the biocomposite bead assessed against Staphylococcus Aureus (Gram-positive), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and Candida Albicans (fungus). All formulations exhibited pronounced antimicrobial activity, with efficacy increasing as a function of Calotropis Procera content. The observed activity attributed to the plant’s bioactive constituents, including cardenolide glycosides, flavonoids, and associated proteins and enzymes. These findings highlight the potential of HA/ALG/CPP biocomposite beads as sustainable and effective antimicrobial materials for biomedical applications.