Cross-validation study demonstrates strong statistical preference for hydrodynamic photon dissipation over Lambda-CDM in supernova datasets, suggesting stationary space without dark energy.
This work presents the expanded fourth part of the Z4DP theoretical framework (Z4DP IV), providing a comprehensive hydrodynamic interpretation of cosmological redshift within a stationary, pressurized superfluid continuum. In contrast to the standard metric expansion framework (Lambda-CDM), Z4DP models cosmological redshift as a direct measure of continuous photonic propagation energy dissipation overcoming the basal hydrodynamic drag of the vacuum medium (P_0 ~ 10^23 Pa). We subject the exact analytical luminosity distance relationship D_L = (c/H_0)*ln(1+z)*(1+z) to rigorous statistical cross-validation against raw observational datasets. Application to N = 1590 Type Ia supernovae from the calibrated Pantheon+ compilation demonstrates decisive statistical preference over the exact numerical Lambda-CDM integral (Delta-Chi2 = 345.24, Delta-AIC = 349.24, and Delta-BIC = 359.98), completely eliminating the need for hypothetical dark energy (k = 0 free parameters). Binned residual analysis across 10 redshift intervals reveals zero systematic drift for Z4DP, while Lambda-CDM displays persistent negative bias. Furthermore, testing against 32 independent observational H(z) measurements from Cosmic Chronometers confirms the linear dissipation gradient H(z) = H_0*(1+z) with an ideal reduced Chi2_nu = 1.1448. The model successfully resolves major observational contradictions: it matches the empirical (1+z)^(-2) Tolman surface brightness relation, explains the 28-year absence of quasar time dilation observed by Hawkins, eliminates the high-redshift galaxy formation time paradox highlighted by JWST (z > 10), and unifies cosmological attenuation with local gravitational redshift (Pound-Rebka). Finally, the thermodynamic dissipation of light naturally accounts for the Cosmic Microwave Background (2.725 K) and its empirical cross-correlation with large-scale structures (CMB-LSS) as localized thermal signatures of continuum drag. The upload includes a complete replication package (z4dp_redshift_v2_replication_package.zip) containing the raw Pantheon+ dataset, Cosmic Chronometers catalog, Python replication scripts, and publication figures.
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Pavel Konečný (2026) studied this question.
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