What does this research mean for the field?

Recent advancements in diagnostic imaging and evolving microbial resistance patterns necessitate updated medical and surgical management strategies for infective endocarditis. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.SYNTHESIS. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

Synthesize recent clinical evidence and guideline updates on the diagnosis, antimicrobial management, and surgical intervention strategies for aortic valve infective endocarditis.

August 22, 2026Journal of Clinical MedicineOpen Access

Infective Endocarditis on Aortic Valve: From Diagnosis to Cardiac Surgical Intervention—Narrative Review

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Why the study?

Emerging studies, increasing antibiotic resistance, and diagnostic imaging advances since the 2015 ESC Guidelines prompted a re-evaluation of recommendations for infective endocarditis.

Design

Narrative review

Authors

FLFrancesco LoreniOspedale Santa Maria FFFederico FortuniUniversity of Perugia AAAlessandro AffrontiOspedale Santa Maria

Discussion

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Implication

Persistent IE burden prioritizes prevention; leaves open how post-2015 studies should update guidelines.

Key Points

Synthesize recent clinical evidence and guideline updates on the diagnosis, antimicrobial management, and surgical intervention strategies for aortic valve infective endocarditis.
Searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science for English-language studies involving adult patients published between January 2000 and March 2025.
Synthesized findings from international guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and observational registries regarding aortic valve infective endocarditis.
In 2019, infective endocarditis had an estimated annual incidence of 13.8 cases per 100,000 individuals and caused 66,300 deaths globally, corresponding to 0.87 deaths per 100,000 population.
According to the EURO-ENDO registry, the most frequent clinical manifestations were fever (77.7%), cardiac murmurs (64.5%), and heart failure (27.2%), with embolic events occurring in roughly one-quarter of patients.
Advanced imaging techniques including echocardiography, CT, and nuclear medicine enhanced detection in prosthetic valves and devices, while oral streptococci displayed rising resistance to macrolides exceeding penicillin.

Structured PICO

Population

Adult patients with infective endocarditis, particularly involving the aortic valve, prosthetic valves, or implantable cardiac devices.

Intervention

Multimodality imaging (echocardiography, cardiac CT, MRI), antimicrobial therapy, and cardiac surgical intervention (valve repair, valve replacement, homografts).

This review emphasizes a multidisciplinary Heart Team approach utilizing multimodality imaging and tailored surgical interventions to manage the increasing complexity of aortic valve infective endocarditis.

Cite This Study

Loreni et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a895fc4ca7ade938187ea08 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15166463

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Infective Endocarditis on Aortic Valve: From Diagnosis to Cardiac Surgical Intervention—Narrative Review

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Structured PICO

Cite This Study

Infective Endocarditis on Aortic Valve: From Diagnosis to Cardiac Surgical Intervention—Narrative Review

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Structured PICO

Cite This Study

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