Impact of preconceptional vertical sleeve gastrectomy on metabolic, cardiovascular and hepatic functions of Sprague Dawley female rats and perinatal consequences

Fig. 1. Impact of MBS on female rats 1 month after surgery. (A) Body weight follow-up during the period of 1 month after surgery, values are means ± SEM, statistical test: repeated measures two-way ANOVA, $$P < 0.01 Control vs other mothers, ***P < 0.001 Obese vs other mothers; (B) Daily calories intake, statistical test: Kruskal–Wallis test. Control (n = 11), Obese (n = 10) and Sleeve (n = 13) female rats.

Fig. 2. Impact of MBS on morphometric parameters and white adipose tissue of female rats 4 months after surgery. (A) Morphometric parameters with body weight, tibia length and tibial muscle weight, (B) Daily calories intake, (C) Visceral fat weight (left panel) and associated adipocyte size distribution curve (right panel) and (D) Subcutaneous fat weight (left panel) and associated adipocyte size distribution curve (right panel) in Control (n = 6), Obese (n = 8) and Sleeve (n = 8) female rats (scale of image = 150 µm). Statistical test: Kruskal–Wallis for box-plot representation; ordinary two-way ANOVA for frequency curves, ***P < 0.001 Obese vs other mothers.

Fig. 3. Impact of MBS on liver of female rats 4 months after surgery. (A) Rat liver weight, and (B) Examples of light microscopy images (magnification 10X, scale bar = 100 µm) and percentage of steatosis and fibrosis area of livers in Control (n = 8), Obese (n = 8) and Sleeve (n = 7) female rats. Statistical test: Kruskal–Wallis test.

Fig. 4. Impact of MBS on vascular function of female rats 4 months after surgery. Vascular reactivity of thoracic aorta (left panel) and mesenteric arteries (right panel) in Control (n = 6), Obese (n = 8) and Sleeve (n = 6) female rats. Vasoconstriction response to (A) KCL 80 mM and (B) cumulative doses of phenylephrine (Phe). Vasodilation responses to (C) cumulative doses of acetylcholine (ACh), (D) cumulative doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), cumulative doses of ACh in presence of (E) N G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), (F) Indomethacin (INDO), (G) KCl 25 mM (KCl25) and (H) Tempol + Catalase. Values are means ± SEM. KCl results were analysed with Kruskal–Wallis test. Comparisons between curves were made using repeated measures two-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05 Sleeve vs Obese and Control mothers, **P < 0.01 Sleeve vs Obese mothers.

Fig. 5. Impact of MBS on offspring before weaning. (A) Number of pups by litter (statistical test: Kruskal–Wallis) and (B) % of males or females per litter (statistical test: ordinary two-way ANOVA) for Control (n = 5), Obese (n = 7) and Sleeve (n = 8) mothers. (C) Body weight follow-up during a period of 23 days before weaning of Control mother offspring (CMO, n = 21), Obese mother offspring (OMO, n = 23), and Sleeve mother offspring (SMO, n = 16) (statistical test: RM two-way ANOVA). ***P < 0.001 OMO vs CMO and $$$P < 0.001 OMO vs SMO.